Beyond boundaries: uniting Internal Medicine and Surgery in patient care-a narrative synthesis

Introduction: the evolving landscape of healthcare necessitates the integration of internal medicine and surgery to address complex patient needs comprehensively. Traditional boundaries between these disciplines are increasingly blurred, prompting a holistic approach to patient care. Objective: this narrative review aims to synthesize current literature on the integration of internal medicine and surgery, exploring collaborative models, integrated care pathways, technological advancements, and interdisciplinary initiatives to enhance patient outcomes. Method: a comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar using keywords and MeSH terms related to internal medicine, surgery, interdisciplinary collaboration, and patient outcomes. Inclusion criteria included 30 articles discussing integrated care models and their impact on patient outcomes, published in English between 2009 and 2024. Data extraction focused on study characteristics, key findings, and outcomes. Results: the review identified several collaborative frameworks, such as multidisciplinary teams and perioperative surgical homes, which improved diagnostic accuracy, treatment efficacy, and patient satisfaction. Integrated care pathways demonstrated effectiveness in managing chronic diseases and complex surgical cases. Technological advancements, including EHRs and telemedicine, facilitated seamless communication and data sharing. Challenges to integration included institutional silos, cultural differences, and time constraints, but these were mitigated through interdisciplinary training and policy incentives. Conclusions: integrating internal medicine and surgery enhances patient care by leveraging the combined expertise of both fields. Overcoming barriers through technological innovations, education, and policy changes is crucial. Future research should focus on long-term outcomes, patient engagement, and the role of personalized medicine in integrated care.